Osmania Sem 1 Grammar
an Chronicle had an article about the libraries of Osmania University.
- Few people can resist flattery.
The words in green refer to the names of persons, places, things, actions and concepts. These are called naming words, or more specifically, nouns. A noun answers the question, 'Who is It" or "What is it?"
TYPES OF NOUNS
Nouns may be classified in many different ways. In this unit, we will look at two ways of categorising them: as proper and common nouns, and as countable and uncountable nouns.
A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place or thing. They are always written with # capital letter.
For example, Manmohan, Sri Lanka, Osmania University, Nobel Prize, Deccan Chronicle, Taj Mahal, Mars, Kannada, Holi.
Common nouns are all other nouns that are not categorised as proper nouns. They may refer to concrete objects, abstract ideas or actions. For example, person, country, institution. award, newspaper, mausoleum, planet, festival, independence, flattery.
A useful way of categorising nouns is making a distinction between countable and uncountable nouns.
Countable nouns consist of things which can be recognised and counted as individual items. They usually have a singular and a plural form. For example, book, books; mouse, mice; person, people.
Uncountable nouns consist of substances (such as materials, liquid, powder) not usually considered as their individual components. For example, salt, cotton, sand. They may refer to a category of things (for example, furniture, information, baggage), or to abstract concepts (for example, youth, danger, beauty).
Countable nouns
'A' or 'an' can be used in front of them: a person, an ant.
Have a plural form: ant ants.
Numbers can be used with them: two people, four ants.
To quantify, we ask 'How many
Uncountable nouns
A' or 'an' are usually not used in front of them: milk, cotton. (When 'a' or 'an' is placed before an uncountable noun, its meaning usually changes: 'paper = material, but 'a paper' = a newspaper.)
Do not have a plural form.
Numbers are usually not used in front of them:
a little milk, some cotton.
To quantify, we ask 'How much?'
Uncountable nouns can be made countable by adding a suitable countable noun + of. For example, a few bottles of milk; a spoon of salt; five kilos of rice; several bowls of soup.
EXERCISES
Identify the nouns in the following passages. Also say whether each noun is a proper or a common noun, and if they are countable or uncountable.
1. Our sun is, in fact, a rather unimportant member of a huge system of stars, or galaxy, consisting of at least a hundred thousand million stars. We can see a part of this galaxy stretching across the sky as a pale white band of stars called the Milky Way. In India it is sometimes called the heavenly Ganga.
sun :- common noun, member:-common noun, countable system:- common noun, countable stars:- common noun, countable part-: common noun, countable -galaxy- common noun, countable - sky:- common noun, countable band: -to common noun, countable Milky Way: proper noun, countable India:-proper noun, uncountable Ganga:- proper noun, uncountable
2. 'In the Bazaars of Hyderabad' is a popular lyric by Sarojini Naidu which romanticises the common man's pursuits and aspirations. The setting here is the crowded marketplace of Hyderabad, and the poem seems to be a dialogue between the customers and the vendors of the bazaar. The poem invokes the rich colours, smells, sounds and tastes of a rich and varied cultural milieu. The poem also has a political backdrop. During the freedom struggle, the Congress launched the Swadeshi movement, urging Indians to boycott cheaply manufactured British products and to rely on Indian bazaars. The colonial administration had banned the publication of Indian newspapers and Naidu cleverly used her poems to propagate these ideas.
Bazaars:- common noun, countable Hyderabad: proper noun, uncountable Lyric: common noun, countable Sarojini Naidu: proper noun, uncountable man-common noun, countable pursuits:- common noun, countable aspirations:-common noun, countable setting: common noun, countable marketplace: common noun, countable Hyderabad: proper noun, uncountable poem: common noun, countable dialogue: common noun, countable customers: common noun, countable vendors: common noun, countable colours: common noun, countable smells: common noun, countable sounds:- common noun, countable tastes: common noun, countable milieu:- common noun, countable backdrop:- common noun, countable freedom struggle:- common noun, uncountable Congress:- proper noun, uncountable Swadeshi movement:-proper noun, uncountable Indians: proper noun, countable products:- common noun, countable administration: -common noun, countable publication:- common noun, countable newspapers:-common noun, countable Naidu:-proper noun, uncountable ideas: -common noun, countable
3. In class today, we read the touching story of a conversation between a blind narrator and a girl he met during a train journey. The twist at the end successfully conveyed the irony of the situation to the reader-both the narrator and his co-passenger had lost their sight, but were able to successfully mislead each other.
class:- common noun, countable story:-common noun, countable conversation: common noun, countable narrator: common noun, countable girl: common noun, countable train: common noun, countable Journey: common noun, countable twist:- common noun, countable end:- common noun, countable Irony: common noun, uncountable situation: common noun, countable reader:- common noun, countable co-passenger: common noun, countable sight:-common noun, uncountable
Quantify the following uncountable nouns to make them countable. For example, jam → a jar of jam.
1. coffee: a cup of coffee
2. butter: a stick of butter
3. glue:- a bottle of glue
4. toothpaste:+a tube of toothpaste
5. bread:- a loaf of bread/a slice of breada
6. chocolate- a bar of chocolate
7. petrol: a gallon of petrol
8. detergent: a box of detergent
9. wood: a piece of wood
10. juice:- a glass of juice
11. sugar: a spoonful of sugar
12. luggage:- a piece of luggage
13. money:- a sum of money
14. information: a piece of information
15. chips- a bag of chips
16. cable:-a length of cable.
Additional exercises
- a grain of rice
- two bags of cement
- a bar of chocolate/ gold
- a bottle of milk
- a piece of paper/news
- a spoon of sugar
- a bowl of cereal/pasta
- a kilo of rice
- a litre of petrol
- a piece of furniture
- a tablespoon of honey
- a piece of advice
- a slice of cheese.
- a can of soft drink
- a piece of paper/news
- a piece of information
- Water, Ice , Bread, Cereal,Jam, Cheese,Honey, Milk, Tea, Wine, Beer, Coffee,Music
Word Roots
EXERCISES
Identify the roots of each of the following words.
genetic, paragraph, predict, uncountable, airport, dictator, admit, photon, telemetry.
1. *genetic* - Root: **gen** (meaning birth or origin)
2. **paragraph* - Root: **graph** (meaning write)
3. **predict* - Root: **dict** (meaning say or speak)
4. *uncountable* - Root: **count** (meaning to calculate or enumerate)
5. *airport* - Roots: **air** (relating to the atmosphere) and **port** (meaning h it'sarbor or gate)
6. **dictator* - Root: **dict** (meaning say or speak)
7. **admit* - Root: **mit** (meaning send)
8. **photon* - Root: **phot** (meaning light)
9. *telemetry* - Roots: *tele** (meaning distant) and **metry** (meaning measure)
Write down at least two words formed using each of the given roots. The meanings of the roots are given in brackets.
phone (sound)
temp (time)
alter (other)
therm (heat)
pater (father)
mono (one)
aqua (water)
cent (hundred)
voc (to call)
act (to move or do)
multi (many)
astra (star)
Answers
1. phone (sound)
- Telephone
- Phonograph
2. temp (time)
- Temporary
- Contemporary
3. alter (other)
- Alternate
- Alteration
4. therm (heat)
- Thermometer
- Thermostat
5. pater (father)
- Paternal
- Patriarch
6. mono (one)
- Monologue
- Monochrome
7. aqua (water)**
- Aquarium
- Aquatic
8. cent (hundred)
- Century
- Centimeter
9. voc (to call)
- Vocal
- Advocate
10. act (to move or do)
- Action
- React
11. *multi (many)
- Multicolored
- Multitask
12. astra (star)
- Astronomy
- Asteroid
Unit 2
Prefixes and Suffixes
A word can be subdivided into smaller units, each of which carry some meaning. The units that form the main part (or parts) of a word are called roots. In this chapter, we will look at two other types of meaningful units that help us expand our vocabulary by forming new words from existing ones.
A prefix is a word fragment added in front of a root or a word.
For example, bi-, pre-, en-, un-. Adding a prefix to a root or to a word produces new words.
For example:
prefix en- + word sure = new word ensure
prefix un- + word sure = new word unsure.
a- not, without --- amoral, apolitical
and, anti- ---instead, against--- antisocial antacid
auti- self --- autograph, automatic.
bi- two, double --bifurcate, biannual
de-, dis- nit, opposite - deform, discover
en-, em- cause to - enact, empower
il-, im-, in-, ir- not, - illiterate, impure, insincere, irrelevant
inter- between - international, intercept.
Suffix
A suffix is a word fragment added at the end of a root or a word. For example,
-hood,-less, -ly, -ty. Combining roots with suffixes produces new words.
For example:
word sure + suffix -ly = new word surely
word sure + suffix-ty = new word surety
Meaning
-able, -ible -------able to, capable of being--transferable, reversible
-iac---pertaining to---cardiac, maniac
-age---belonging to, related to---postage, marriage
-cracy----government---aristocracy, democracy
-en---to become, cause to be
-fy---to make, cause to be-darken, weaken-clarify, horrify
-hood---state, quality ----childhood, priesthood
-ic, -ical--- pertaining to, one who--dogmatic, aristocratic, political, physical
-ise--to make, to give--criticise, sanitise
-ish----of, belonging to ----boyish, foolish
-ism---belief in, profession of---terrorism, feminism
A word can be made up of multiple prefixes, roots and suffixes.
beautifully = beauty + -ful+-ly
transformation = trans + form + -tion nonconformist = non-+con+ form +-ist
Keep in mind that word fragments that are used to form roots of words can also be used as prefixes or suffixes in other words.
EXERCISES
For each sentence below, study the word that is printed in green. Try to identify the root word along with any prefix and/or suffix that is/are attached to it.
1. Salman watched a preview of the movie.
2. Don't be so childish!
3. The magician made the pigeon disappear.
4. Ayub supervised the correction of the answer scripts.
5. Radhika asked the actress for her autograph.
6. Vaishnavi is always methodical in her work.
7. The biology lab has a microscope.
8. Good temper goes hand in hand with happiness and contentment.
9. The airport grounded flights due to low visibility.
10. I stood on a balcony overlooking the park.
12. Chandan removed the item from the box.
11. Himesh's story was unbelievable.
13. One should not dress informally in office.
14. Tata Motors manufactures cars.
15. He contradicts everything she says.
16. Rithika has a postgraduate degree.
17. I am reading a biography.
18. Sylvia says she can predict the future.
Answers:-
1. Preview
- Root word: view
- Prefix: -pre- (meaning "before")
2. Childish
- Root word: child
- Suffix: -ish (meaning "having the qualities of")
3. Disappear
- Root word: appear
- Prefix: dis- (meaning "not" or "opposite of")
4. Correction:-
Root word: "correct" (meaning to make right or fix mistakes)
Suffix: "-ion" (a noun-forming suffix that indicates the action or result of an action)
5. Autograph
- Root word: *graph* (meaning "write")
- Prefix: *auto-* (meaning "self")
6. Methodical
- Root word: *method*
- Suffix: *-ical* (meaning "pertaining to")
7. Biology:-
Bio:- life
Logy:-study
Microscope:-
- Root word: scope (meaning "to look" or "see")
- Prefix: micro- (meaning "small")
8. Contentment
- Root word: content
- Suffix: -ment (meaning "state of" or "condition of")
9. Visibility
- Root word: visible
- Suffix: -ity (meaning "state or quality")
10. Overlooking
- Root word: look
- Prefix: over- (meaning "above" or "higher")
- Suffix: -ing (present participle indicating ongoing action)
11. Unbelievable
- Root word: believe
- Prefix: un- (meaning "not")
- Suffix: -able (meaning "capable of")
12. Removed
- Root word: move
- Prefix: re- (meaning "again" or "back")
- Suffix: -ed (indicating past tense)
13. Informally
- Root word: formal
- Prefix: in- (meaning "not")
- Suffix: -ly (indicating manner)
14. **Manufactures
- Root word: *fact* (from Latin "facere" meaning "to make")
- Prefix: *manu-* (meaning "hand")
- Suffix: *-ures* (plural form of a noun or verb indicating action)
15. **Contradicts**
- Root word: *dict* (meaning "say" or "speak")
- Prefix: *contra-* (meaning "against")
- Suffix: *-s* (indicating third-person singular present tense)
16. Rithika has a postgraduate degree.
Root word :- graduate
Prefix:- post
17. I am reading a biography.
Root:- graphy
Prefix:- bio
18. Sylvia says she can predict the future.
Root:- dict
Prefix:- pre
Fill in the blanks by modifying the words in the brackets as instructed.
1. He wants to------ me on Facebook. (prefix + friend)
2. She---- her strength. (prefix + estimate) (champion .
3.Our team won the hockey.---------.
4. It is----to kill endangered animals. (prefix + legal
5. She was given a ------of sweets ( hand + suffix)
6. You need a of hard work and determination to succeed. (combine + suffix)
Answers:-
1. He wants to **befriend** me on Facebook. (prefix + friend)
2. She **underestimated** her strength. (prefix + estimate)
3. Our team won the hockey **championship**.
4. It is **illegal** to kill endangered animals. (prefix + legal)
5. She was given a **handful** of sweets. (hand + suffix)
6. You need a **combination** of hard work and determination to succeed. (combine + suffix)
Split up the following words from Gardiner's essay 'On saying please' into their component prefixes, roots and suffixes. You will find clues to the answers in the Glossary section after the essay, in the list of roots in Unit 1, and in the tables of prefixes and suffixes in this chapter.
inexhaustible
disagreeable
benediction
intercourse
enjoin
uncivil
attune
Decalogue
resentment
Answers:-
1. **Inexhaustible**
- Prefix: **in-** (not)
- Root: **exhaust** (use up)
- Suffix: **-ible** (able to be)a
2. **Disagreeable**
- Prefix: **dis-** (not)
- Root: **agree** (to consent or come to terms)
- Suffix: **-able** (able to be)
3. **Benediction**
- Prefix: **bene-** (good)
- Root: **dict** (speak, declare)
- Suffix: **-ion** (act or process)
4. **Intercourse**
- Prefix: **inter-** (between)
- Root: **course** (path or way)
5. **Enjoin**
- Prefix: **en-** (to put into)
- Root: **join** (connect or bring together)
6. **Uncivil**
- Prefix: **un-** (not)
- Root: **civil** (polite, relating to citizens)
7. **Attune**
- Prefix: **at-** (toward, to)
- Root: **tune** (to adjust or harmonize)
8. **Decalogue**
- Prefix: **deca-** (ten)
- Root: **logue** (word or discourse)
9. **Resentment**
- Prefix: **re-** (again)
- Root: **sent** (feel)
- Suffix: **-ment** (state, condition, or result)
Unit 2
Pronouns
It is usually better not to repeat a noun or a noun phrase more than once in a series of clauses or sentences. Look at the following sentence adapted from Gardiner's essay: The lift-man was much more acutely hurt by what the lift-man regarded as a slur upon
the lift-man's social standing than the lift-man would have been if the passenger had kicked the lift-man. Such a sentence is awkward to read or say aloud. Now, pay attention to the words in green
in an improved version of the above sentence: The lift-man was much more acutely hurt by what he regarded as a slur upon his social standing than he would have been if the passenger had kicked him.
The words in green are pronouns. A pronoun is a word that can be used in place of a noun or a noun phrase. They help make sentences shorter, clearer and less stylistically awkward.
TYPES OF PRONOUNS
First Person Singular Plural
I We
Second Person you you
Third person he
she They
It
Subject pronouns are used in place of proper nouns as the subject of the verb in a sentence or a clause.
She taught me how to speak her language.
We went to Golconda with everyone.
Object pronouns refer to the object of a verb.
me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
We went to Golconda with them
She taught me how to speak her language. .
Possessive adjectives show ownership (possession) of a noun. They are placed before the noun that is owned/possessed.
my, your, his, her, it's, our, your, their.
She taught me how to speak her language.
We went to Golconda with our family.
Possessive pronouns also indicate ownership, but can stand alone.
I knew one language already. She taught me how to speak hers.
You went to Golconda with your family, and we went with ours.
Reflexive pronouns replace the object of a verb when it is the same as the subject of that verb.
myself, yourself, himself herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
I taught myself how to speak a third language.
We drove ourselves to Golconda.
POINTS TO REMEMBER
Unlike nouns, the pronouns discussed above do not take articles (a, an, the) or adjectives before them.
Pronouns should agree in terms of gender, number and person with the nouns for which they stand.
I baked a cake. It was delicious!
The cakes I baked are spoilt. Throw them away.
An exception is they and its derivative forms (them, their, theirs, themselves) which may be used as a gender-neutral pronoun for a singular subject.
Someone baked a cake. Their cake was delicious.
- Use a singular pronoun when replacing a collective noun that is treated as a single entity Use a plural pronoun when the collective noun is viewed as consisting of separate/distinct individuals/parts.
The jury delivered its verdict.
The jury were divided in their opinion.
Use a plural pronoun when two or more singular nouns joined by 'and' refer to different persons or things. The Secretary and the Treasurer have resigned from their posts.
Use a singular pronoun when two singular pronouns joined by 'and' refer to the same person or thing.
The Secretary and Treasurer has resigned from her post. (here, the positions of Secretary and Treasurer are held by the same person)
EXERCISES
Identify the pronouns in the following passages. Also say which nouns/noun phrases they refer to.
1. I have missed him from my bus route of late; but I hope that only means he has carried his sunshine on to another road. It cannot be too widely diffused in a rather drab world.
2. My sensitive toe was trampled on rather heavily as I sat reading on top of a bus. I looked up with some anger and saw my friend, the cheerful conductor. 'Sorry, sir, he said, 1 know these are heavy boots. I got them because my feet get trod on so much, and now I'm treading on yours.
3. If you can fill the unforgiving minute With sixty seconds' worth of distance run, Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it, And-which is more-you'll be a Man, my son!
### Passage 1:
1. **I** – Refers to the speaker or narrator.
2. **him** – Refers to the cheerful conductor.
3. **my** – Refers to the speaker or narrator.
4. **I** – Refers to the speaker or narrator.
5. **that** – Refers to the speaker's hope (that he has carried his sunshine on to another road).
6. **he** – Refers to the cheerful conductor.
7. **his** – Refers to the cheerful conductor.
8. **It** – Refers to "his sunshine" (metaphorical for happiness or positivity).
### Passage 2:
1. **My** – Refers to the speaker or narrator.
2. **I** – Refers to the speaker or narrator.
3. **I** – Refers to the speaker or narrator.
4. **my** – Refers to the speaker or narrator.
5. **he** – Refers to the cheerful conductor.
6. **I** – Refers to the speaker or narrator.
7. **them** – Refers to "heavy boots."
8. **my** – Refers to the cheerful conductor.
9. **my** – Refers to the speaker or narrator.
10. **yours** – Refers to the speaker or narrator's feet.
### Passage 3:
1. **you** – Refers to the reader or listener (the speaker's son).
2. **it** – Refers to the Earth and everything in it.
3. **you** – Refers to the reader or listener (the speaker's son).
4. **you** – Refers to the reader or listener (the speaker's son).
5. **Yours** – Refers to the reader or listener (the speaker's son).
6. **it** – Refers to the Earth.
7. **you'll** – Refers to the reader or listener (the speaker's son).
Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns.
1.If anyone asks, tell-------- I will be back tomorrow.
Ans:-them
2. Fatima said that ---------and her sister work together.
Ans:- she
3. Rohan wants to do it--------
Ans:-himself
4. The camera I wanted for so long is finally-----?
Ans:- mine
5. There is no 'us' and-------------- are all in it together.
Ans:- them
6. They cooked the meat in------- own juices.
Answers:-its
Choose the correct pronoun from the options given in brackets.
1. It is up to [we / us] to manage [our / ours] time well.
Ans:-us, our
2. Shakeel, Hari and [she / her] rode [them / their / themselves] bikes all the way home.
Ans :- she, their
3. Whom can [I / me] trust, if not [she / her]?
Ans:- I, her
4. [Me / I] looked at [I / me / myself] in the mirror. [Myself / my / mine] reflection stared back at [I / me / myself / itself].
Ans :- I, myself, me
5. Neither Ravi nor Rishi has done [him / their / his] homework. The teacher has punished [him / they / them)
Ans:- his, them.
Unit 3
Homonyms, Homographs, Homophones
Exercises:
1.You mustn't always bank on him.
2.She withdrew money from the bank
3. I sat on the bank and watched boats sail by.
a. Financial institution
b. Sloping land beside a water body
c.rely on
Ans:- 1.C 2.a 3.b
B)
(1) He was fair-skinned.-
(2) It wasn't a fair deal.
(3) We visited the fair.
(4) Her performance was fair.
(a) travelling show or exhibition
(b) slightly above average quality
c) free from bias or deception
(d) lightly coloured
1.d 2.c 3.a 4.b
C)
(1) It suit my needs.
(2) I wore my best suit.
(3) I brought a suit against him.
(a) set of garments
(b) legal proceedings
(c) be acceptably to
1.c 2. a 3.b
D)
(1) The map was not to scale.
(2) The thief could easily scale the wall.
(3) The patient stood on the scale.
(4) They were ranked on a scale of 10.
a) get on top of
(b) ratio between actual size and its image
(c) standard of reference
(d) weighing instrument
1.c 2.a 3.d 4.b
E
(1) We need someone to lead the team.
(2) The police are following a lead.
(3) She lost her lead in the final round.
(a) advantage held by a competitor
(b) clue pointing to possible solution
(c) be in charge of
1.c 2.b 3.a
Fill in the blanks in each set of sentences with a single homonym.
For example: A snake —--him.
Add a —-of salt.
Answer: bit
1. She wrote a new—-
children went to------in the park.
Ans:- play
2. I was asked to —--a few lines of verse.
The sheep are not in their—-
She uses a brush------for calligraphy.
Ans:- pen
3. The Let's free is found in temperate regions. In tempe up the house before the guests arrive.
4. We didn't realise the —--of the pandemic.
The symphony is in the of-------C major.
You need to —---the fish before cooking it.
Ans:- scale
5.----out for fraudulent calls and e-mails
She got me an expensive —-for my birthday.
Ans:- watch
Homographs are words that have the same spelling, but different pronunciations and meanings
The wind is strong tonight.
wind = moving air
I forgot to wind my watch.
wind- twist or coil something.
Fill in the blanks with the correct homophones from the options given in the box below.
road, rode
to, two, too
banned, band
board, bored
principal, principle
their, there, they're
1. I am----of —--games.
Ans:- bored, board
2.She—-- her bike down the----
Ans:-rode, road
3. Our-----is a lady of great-----.
Ans:-principal, principle
4. —-in—- garden over—-.
Ans:-. They're,their, there
5. Did you buy.---- tickets—-the show, —-----?
Ans:- two, to, too
6. Arjun's-------was —-from playing in the school.
Ans:-band, banned
Fill in the blanks with the correct homophone from the options given in the brackets.
. 1.I bought a —--of gloves. (pare, pair, pear)
Ans:- pair
2. The king's —---did not last very long. (rein, rain, reign)
Ans:- reign
3. If you park here, the police will —--your car away. (tow, toe)
Ans:-tow
4.the lioness picked up the —-of her prey. (sent, scent, cent)
Ans:- scent
5.She wanted to —---her favourite outfit. (wear, ware)
Ans:- wear
Unit 3
B: I do. He is a **famous** artist.
2. A: I love these flowers.
B: Yes, they're **lovely**.
3. A: Is this Deepa's **blue silk dress**?
4. A: We saw an **old brass** coin in the shop window.
B: Was it **rusty and chipped**?
B: No, I don't think so. Hers is **shiny and new**.
2: Fill in the blanks with the right form of adjectives
1. What kind of food do you like the **least**? (little)
2. Mother is a **better** singer than I am. (good)
3. Rahul is a **kind** boy. (kind)
4. This task is **more urgent** than all others. (urgent)
5. He thinks his car is as **fast** as yours. (fast)
6. The man was **nobler** than his father. (noble)
7. Savita is the **most childish** of all my friends. (childish)
8. His house is **farther** from the college than hers. (far)
9. It is **safer** to stay out in the open than indoors when there is an earthquake. (safe)
10. Of all the boxes in the van, the black steel one is the **heaviest**. (heavy)
3: Rewrite sentences using the words in bracket
2. **No other metal is as heavy as lead.**
Unit 4
Collocation
A collocation is a combination of words that are commonly used together. Look at the following sentences:
She has a firm handshake.
He paid a visit to his grandmother.
These language chunks (firm handshake, pay a visit) sound natural in English due to long, established usage.
Knowing which words usually go together is an important part of being a competent user of the language. It sounds odd if you were to say hard handshake or give a visit. Once learnt, most collocations are easy to remember.
Unfortunately, there are no rules you can follow to arrive at the right combinations. Some can be looked up in dictionaries
. For the majority, however, you will slowly figure out the right collocations by using the language-by reading widely, by listening to people, by speaking the language language, and through self-correction.
EXERCISES
Choose the correct collocation in each of the given pairs.
1. honest apology sincere apology
2. warm welcome profuse welcome
3. complete a promise fulfil a promise
4.do a mistake make a mistake
5.sow benefits reap benefits
6.make a difference bring a difference
7.have sympathy for pay sympathy to
8.gossip writer gossip columnist
9. do your duty work your duty
10. Speak fluent english speak easy english
11.press an icon cluck on an icon
12.have a conversation make a conversation
13.have conversation with make conversation with
14.glare at glare towards
15.play a part do a part.
Answers
1. sincere apology
2. warm welcome
3. fulfil a promise
4. make a mistake
5. reap benefits
6. make a difference
7. have sympathy for
8. gossip columnist
9. do your duty
10. speak fluent English
11. Click an icon
12. have a conversation
13. Make conversation with
14. glare at
15. play a part
Match the words on the left with those on the right with which they form collocations.
Annual, Chair a conclusion, a deal, turnover
Middle, Draw forces, staff, figures,
Launch, Make a meeting, a profit,
Close, Sales management, a product
Market, Lay off
Answers:-
1. Annual turnover
2. Chair a meeting
3. Middle management
4. Draw a conclusion
5. Launch a product
6. Make a profit
7. Close a deal
8. Sales figures
9. Market forces
10. Lay off staff
Fill in the blanks by choosing from the collocations given below. Each collocation can be used just once. (Some of these form idiomatic expressions: look up their meanings if you need hints.)
save time
about time
spare time
tell time
keep time
rough times
make time
record time
buy time
stall for time
bang on time
pressed for time
time to kill
great time
in time
set time
precious time
hard time
take time off
run out of time
1. Kaif isn't late for the party. He came exactly at 7 pm-he is--in time
2. We couldn't take up another assignment as we were---pressed for time
3. My work hours are flexible. I don't need to begin at a--set time
4. John asked his boss, 'I know you're busy, but can you---make time-for me this week? I need to discuss something with you.
5. Tsering was so eager to finish that he got done in -----record time
6. We're already very late. If we take this route we shall----run out of time-
7. I can't spend my--precious time----on trivial pursuits.
8. You're going to have a----great time--- in Singapore!
9. We need to--buy time---to thoroughly discuss the matter before replying to them.
10. I'm sorry I cannot attend the call now. I've-----pressed for time and I have to rush.
11. We got there just--in time--! They were about to close the gates
12. He gave me a---hard time about missing the deadline.
13. Jyothi wasn't ready for the presentation. She tried to--stall for time----by requesting Dolma to before her.
14. My computer has been out of order for two weeks. I think it's---about time--I repair it.
15. Vishnu has been through some---rough times
16. My music teacher helps me-keep time--when I play the drums.
17. This weekend I shall-take time off --from work to meet my school friends.
18. We have---time to kill before the train arrives.
19. Lama spends all his--spare time--helping others.
20. I taught my little niece to ---tell time---with an analogue clocExercist 4
Articles
1. *The* peacock is in danger of extinction.
2. Could you get me *a* kilogram of tea, please?
3. There is *a* European and *an Ethiopian among the tourists.
4. --the Sally I know lives in Bhubaneswar.
5. Sumita found *a* wallet on her way home. She took *the* wallet to the police station.
6. We must work to save *the* tigers from becoming extinct. *The* tiger is an important part of the ecosystem.
7. Have you had *X* breakfast?
8. There's no--x- school today. *The* school is being used as *a* polling station.
9. It is *an* awe-inspiring sight to see *the* Brahmaputra in spate.
10. This is a painting of *the* Western Ghats, and that is a photograph of ---x-- Mahabaleshwar peak.
11. Mary will go to *X* school when she is three.
12. Our library has three copies of the MahabSecti
1. She doesn't own *a* car.
2. He came from *X* humble beginnings.
3. I saw *X* bears at the zoo.
4. He asked for *X* milk.
5. She didn't get *an* invitation.
6. I saw *an* eagle fly by.
7. She was *an* English teacher. She joined --a-- union.
8. He bought *X* milk, *X* butter, and *a* loaf of bread.
9. The table is made of *X* wood.
10. Abdul was *an* honest man.
Inserted articles wherever necessary.
1. There is *a* book in my backpack. *The* book is very heavy.
2. Do you know where I left *the* car keys?
3. I enjoy reading detective novels, especially -- the --ones by *the* famous author Arthur Conan Doyle.
4. *The* French drink wine, while *the* Americans drink beer.
5. *A* group of MBA students from *the* University of Mumbai visited Harvard University in *the* United States.
6. *The* Bible was *the* first book to be printed by Gutenberg in *the* fifteenth century.
7. I am fond of *the* music of Mozart. My grandfather owns *an* antique piano.
8. *X* Cloth is sold by *the* metre. *A* metre of this fabric cost me *a* moon.
9. *The* sun is at *its* highest point in *the* sky at noon.
10. After humans, *the* chimpanzee is *the* most intelligent among animals.
Correct the following sentences bu using the right articles (or by removing articles where not required)
1. All applicants must possess *a* university degree.
2. I am studying for *an* MA in history.
3. He had spelt the word with an *‘s’* instead of a *‘c’*.
4. I always use an *HB* pencil.
5. In class, the children were having *an* arithmetic lesson.
6. My brother is *an* electrical engineer.
7. The war lasted almost *a* hundred years.
8. I always get *a* headache if I don't wear my glasses.
9. *The* Swiss are very fussy about hygiene.
10. His lawyer produced *X* important new evidence.
11. Give it to *the* cat.
12. Ann is *a* doctor.
13. Our plants need *X* water.
14. We had *X* breakfast in the hotel restaurant.
15. We must try harder to stop these people from destroying *X* nature.
16. I don't like driving in *X* heavy traffic.
17. They have *X* really bad roads here.
18. *X* Petrol is expensive
Some of the following sentences may have errors relating to the use of articles. Rewrite the incorrect sentences correctly.
1. *Oranges and lemons* are citrus fruits.
2. Asif is going to visit *X* Oxford University.
3. The government needs to enforce pollution laws. Governments around the world need to cooperate in the fight against *X* pollution.
4. *Elephants and lions* are found in India.
5. Have you been to *the* Nilgiri Hills?
6. *History* is not really Faira's favourite subject, but she finds the history of *the* Greeks fascinating.
7. You can take *the* Visaka Express to Mumbai.
8. The children have been sent to *X* bed.
9. *The* English language is full of *X* confusing rules. English also has many strange *sayings.*
Government
Degree College Malkajgiri
BA/B.Com/BSc Semester 1
English-
Internal exam 1
Marks: 20 Time
:- 1 hour
I Answer the following multiple-choice questions 10×1/2= 5
1.What is the primary theme of the poem "In the Bazaars
of Hyderabad"? ( B )
A) The beauty of nature
B) The vibrancy of Indian bazaars
C) The struggle for independence
D) All of the above
2.What do the flower-girls weave in the poem? (D
)
A) Garlands B)
Tassels of blue C) Crowns for the
bridegroom D) All of the above
3.Which of the following poems by
Rudyard Kipling is famous for its advice on how to live a virtuous life? ( A )
A) If— Goldsmith B) Mandalay C) The
White Man's Burden D) None
4. Wristlets and anklet and ring are made by ( A )
A) Goldsmiths B) fruit men C) flower-girls D)
None
5) Quantify the following uncountable noun to make it
countable- ‘‘coffee’ ( B )
A) A piece of coffee
B) a cup of coffee C) both A and B D) none.
6) Identify nouns in the following sentence.
Manmohan Singh was the thirteenth prime minister of India. ( B
)
A)Manmohan Singh, thirteenth, prime minister. B) Manmohan
Singh, India, prime minister.
C) Manmohan Singh, thirteenth, was D) None of the above
7) Identify the roots of the
word ‘admit’ (A )
A) mit B)
ad C) both A & B D) none
8) What is the meaning of the root ‘chrono’ is ( C )
A) hear
B) distance C) time D) none
9) Who is the author of the short story ‘The Eyes are Not
Here’ ( C
)
A) Rudyard Kipling B)
Sarojini Naidu C) Ruskin Bond D) RK Narayan
10) What did the narrator like about his travelling
companion? ( A )
A) The sound of her voice
B) Her face C) Both A &
B D) none of the above
II. Fill in the blanks 10×1/2=
5
Write a new word using the given roots
1.‘therm’
_—-------------------Thermometer
2.’phone’ —--------------------Telephone
3.’scope’------------------------Microscope
Quantify the
following uncountable nouns to make them countable.
4.bread —--------------------------------------a slice of bread
5.toothpaste—-------------------------------a tube of toothpaste
6.The poem ‘If’ is written by—--------------Rudyard Kipling
7.Who is the
author of ‘Jungle Book’ —------------------------------
8.’keep one's
head’ means ------------to remain calm
9.’There's some
milk in the fridge’. Identify uncountable noun in the above sentence.---
milk
10.Kipling was
awarded the Nobel Prize in —----literature-----in 1907.
III. Write answers
in one word or one sentence for the following questions.
1.What do the
vendors weigh?
Ans:-safrron, lentil and rice
2.What did Gandhiji
call Sarojini Naidu?
Ans:- The Nightingale of Inda
3.What is the
twist at the end of the story ‘The Eyes are not Here’
Ans:-Both the narrator and the girl are blind
4.Where is the narrator traveling to in the
story ‘ The Eyes are not Here’?
Ans:- Dehra
5.The narrator in
the story ‘The Eyes are not Here's was born completely blind.
Say
True or False.
Ans:- False
IV. Assignment 5
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