OU Sem 6 Notes

 TEXT

It seemed that out of battle I escaped Down some profound dull tunnel, long since scooped Through granites which titanic wars had groined.

Yet also there encumbered sleepers groaned, Too fast in thought or death to be bestirred. Then, as 1 probed them, one sprang up, and stared With piteous recognition in fixed eyes, Lifting distressful hands, as if to bless. And by his smile, I knew that sullen hall,- By his dead smile I knew we stood in Hell.

With a thousand fears that vision's face was grained; Yet no blood reached there from the upper ground, And no guns thumped, or down the flues made moan. 'Strange friend, I said, 'here is no cause to mourn. "None, said that other, 'save the undone years, The hopelessness. Whatever hope is yours, Was my life also; I went hunting wild After the wildest beauty in the world, Which lies not calm in eyes, or braided hair, But mocks the steady running of the hour, And if it grieves, grieves richlier than here. For by my glee might many men have laughed, And of my weeping something had been left, Which must die now. I mean the truth untold, The pity of war, the pity war distilled. Now men will go content with what we spoiled. Or, discontent, boil bloody, and be spilled. They will be swift with swiftness of the tigress. None will break ranks, though nations trek from progress. Courage was mine, and I had mystery; Wisdom was mine, and I had mastery: To miss the march of this retreating world Into vain citadels that are not walled.

Then, when much blood had clogged their chariot-wheels. I would go up and wash them from sweet wells, Even with truths that lie too deep for taint.

ENGLISH EXPRESS

I would have poured my spirit without stint But not through wounds; not on the cess of war. Foreheads of men have bled where no wounds were.

'I am the enemy you killed, my friend.

I knew you in this dark: for so you frowned Yesterday through me as you jabbed and killed. I parried; but my hands were loath and cold.

Let us sleep now...

GLOSSARY

battle/ bætal/ a fight between two armed forces, typically of different nations or groups

profound /pra faund/ deep, intense; often used in a metaphorical context to denote seriousness or significance

Hell/hel/ in Christian belief, the place of eternal punishment for the wicked after death, used here metaphorically to describe the brutal and torturous reality of war

bestir /bistar/ to become active after a period of rest

probe /prǝub/ attempt to discover information by asking a lot of questions

strange/streinds/ unusual and unexpected, or difficult to understand

groined/ground/ to create

encumber /in'kambar/ to weigh someone or something down, or to make it difficult for some- one to do something

groan/graon/ a deep, long sound showing great pain or unhappiness

tunnel/tonal/ a passageway through or under something, typically underground

thump /Bamp/ to hit or strike heavily, especially with the fist or a blunt implement

flue /flu/ a pipe that leads from a fire or heater to the outside of a building, taking smoke, gases, or hot air away

moan/maon/ to make a long, low sound of pain, suffering or another strong emotion

mourn /main/ to express grief or sorrow

braid/breid/ made by intertwining two or more strands of hair

mock /mok/ to laugh at someone, often by copying them in a funny but unkind way

grieve /griv/ to feel or express great sadness, especially when someone dies

distil/di'stul/ to get or show only the most important part of something

mystery /'mıstəri/ something strange or not known that has not yet been explained or understood

mastery I'ma stari/ superior skill or knowledge

retreat /n'trit/ to move back or withdraw

citadel /'sıtadel/ a stronghold or fortress that protects and commands a city

clog /klog/ (cause something to) become blocked or filled so that movement or activity is difficult

Framing Questions

Curiosity is a quality related to inquisitive thinking such as exploration, investigation and learning. Humans have sought answers to the mysteries of the world around them since the very beginning of their existence. This innate curiosity finds its rightful place through posing questions. Therefore, questions are the heart and soul of learning, sparking discovery understanding and critical thinking. Additionally, asking questions is the most common feature of our everyday use of language.

Questions are one of the most effective communication tools for information exchange Asking the right questions and asking them in the right way in a particular situation leads to improving a whole range of communication skills.

Focus on the following questions and their responses:

Q: Where do you live?

A: I live in Hyderabad.

Q: Are you a sportsperson?

A: Yes. / Yes, I am. / Yes, I am a sportsperson.

Q: Do you play cricket or hockey?

A: I play cricket.

Q: Cricket is a popular sport, isn't it?

A: Yes, it is.

In the above conversation, it can be noticed that you can give different kinds of answers to different questions contextually.

There are a number of question types in English:

Yes-no questions

Hypothetical questions

Wh-questions

Tag questions

Choice questions

Yes-no questions

These questions start with an auxiliary verb and expect an answer with 'yes' or 'no.

Examples

Are you an engineer?

Do you like this place?

Can you lift this piece of luggage?

Have ever been to Delhi?

Did you attend the exam today?

Yes/No (Yes, I am/No, I am not)

Yes/No (Yes, I do / No, I don't)

Yes/No (Yes, I can / No, I can't)

Yes/No (Yes, I have / No, I haven't)

Yes/No (Yes, I did / No, I didn't)

Wh-questions (Information questions)

These questions start with a question word: 'what', 'which, 'who, 'whose, 'where, 'when, how,

why

Examples

What is your name?

Where do you stay?

When did you come here?

Whose bag is this?

Who is your principal?

My name is Kalyani.

I stay at Ramnagar.

I came here an hour ago.

That's mine.

Mr K. Prabhu is our principal.

Choice questions

These questions are used when we offer choices.

Examples

Would you like coffee or tea?

Tea, thanks.

Do you go with your family or alone?

With my family.

Are you feeling happy or not?

Happy, of course.

Will you meet him now or later?

I will meet him later.

Hypothetical questions

These questions are used to when we want a general idea of a certain situation or to elicit opinions and beliefs about imagined situations.

Examples

What will you do after your graduation?

If you get a job abroad, will you leave your country and family behind?

Where do you see yourself in five years?

Tag questions

These questions are used to ask for confirmation. They mean: "Is that right?" or "Do you agree!"

A tag question is a special construction in the English language. It is a statement followed by a small question in contraction. These are usually used in conversations. The basic structure of

a tag question is-

ENGLISH EXPRESS

Positive statement

Negative tag

The weather is very pleasant,

isn't it?

Negative statement

Positive tag

You won't come tomorrow,

will you?

Note that the tag repeats the auxiliary verb from the statement and changes it to terga or positive. When there is no auxiliary verb in the statement (present indefinite and pos indefinite), take the help of 'do' verbs (do, does, did) to make the question tag. The subject the tag is always a pronoun and it should be a substitute for the subject of the statement

Examples

She is a dancer, isn't she?

You don't like sweets, do you?

They won't attend the party tonight, will they?

Your brother wrote the entrance exam, didn't he?

Gita loves painting, doesn't she?

The children haven't come to the ground, have they?

They won't postpone the exams this time, will they?

I am a doctor, aren't I? (Here we use 'aren't' as there is no 'amn't l' in English.)

EXERCISES

Frame the questions to which the following are answers.

1. Shabnam will prepare the report by tomorrow.

Who will prepare the report by tomorrow?**  

2. You will find the books on the table.

*Where will I find the books?

3. No, they are not coming today.

Are they coming today?

4. I live in Pochampally.

Where do you live?

5. The children play cricket here every evening.

What do the children play here every evening?

6. Raju loves cooking.

What does Raju love?

7. My interests are blogging and writing

What are your interests?

8. She is going with her friends.

Who is she going with?

9. I would like to become an engineer.

What would you like to become?

10. Yes, I shall meet you at 11 a.m.

10. Will you meet me at 11 a.m.?

Frame questions for the following sentences to elicit the underlined part as the answer.

1. The cab driver refused to wait.

2. 1 am 20 years old.

3.Smoking is prohibited in public places.

4. Nature soothes and nurtures

5. Mr Rao has two children.

6.The dialogues throughout the movie were hilarious

7.My daughter is the one in the blue frock.

8.His company launched a new product.

9.I went to Bangalore last week.

10. She went there to meet John.

11. This bridge is 60 years old.

12. I know how to solve this problem.

 Answers:

1. Who refused to wait?
   

2. How old are you?
   

3. What is prohibited in public places?
   

4. What does nature do?
   

5. How many children does Mr. Rao have?
   

6. What were hilarious throughout the movie?
   

7. Who is the one in the blue frock?
   

8. What did his company launch?
   

9. Where did you go last week?
   

10. Why did she go there?
    

11. How old is this bridge?
    

12. What do you know how to solve?
    

Fill in the blanks with appropriate question tags.

1. Juhi is from Agra_______? 

2. We are late for the show,_______? 

3. You are a naughty boy,_______? 

4. I was wrong about this issue,______? 

5. Please, stop talking,_______? 

6. Sabitha won't mind if I use her notebook,_____? 

7. The exams have been postponed,____? 

8. Let's go surfing,_____? 

9. I am a philosopher,____? 

10. These pups are cute,____? 

11. My sister can dance very well,____? 

12. I am not a loser, ---------?

13. We often go for outings on weekends,----? 

14. Don't make noise,-----? 

15. The boys are playing basketball, --------?

Answers question tags:

1. Juhi is from Agra, isn't she?

2. We are late for the show, aren't we?

3. You are a naughty boy, aren't you?

4. I was wrong about this issue, wasn't I?

5. Please, stop talking, will you?

6. Sabitha won't mind if I use her notebook, will she?

7. The exams have been postponed, haven't they?

8. Let's go surfing, shall we?

9. I am a philosopher, aren't I?

10. These pups are cute, aren't they?

11. My sister can dance very well, can't she?

12. I am not a loser, am I?

13. We often go for outings on weekends, don't we?

14. Don't make noise, will you?

15. The boys are playing basketball, aren't they?